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States Take On China in the Name of National Security
从佛罗里达州到印第安纳州和蒙大拿州，越来越多的地方提案、法案和法律法规都旨在阻止中国个人和公司获得土地、赢得合同、从事研究、开设工厂以及以其他方式参与美国经济事务。
蒙大拿州州长Greg Gianforte去年签署了一项法律，禁止该州使用TikTok。一名法官以宪法第一修正案为由阻止了这一措施。 States have a new adversary: China. 6park.com
美国一些州有了一个新对手：中国。 6park.com
从佛罗里达州到印第安纳州和蒙大拿州，越来越多的地方提案、法案和法律法规都旨在阻止中国个人和公司获得土地、赢得合同、从事研究、开设工厂以及以其他方式参与美国经济事务。 6park.comFrom Florida to Indiana and Montana, an expanding array of local proposals, bills, laws and regulations aim to block Chinese individuals and companies from acquiring land, winning contracts, working on research, setting up factories and otherwise participating in the U.S. economy. 6park.com
有州政府官员将对抗中国凌驾于吸引投资和创造就业等传统的地方利益之上，表示他们正在国会认为不必消除美国基层民众对中国共产党的不信任的领域采取行动。 6park.comState officials, overriding traditional local interests such as drawing investment and creating jobs, say they are acting where Congress hasn’t to address grassroots American distrust of the Chinese Communist Party. 6park.com
在对华立法方面，一些州的行动普遍快于国会。周三，当一项可能迫使中国母公司字节跳动(ByteDance)出售TikTok的法案送达美国总统拜登(Joe Biden)的办公桌等待签署时，已有30多个州政府通过了针对该短视频应用的法规。 6park.comThe states have generally been moving faster on China legislation than Congress. By the time a bill that could force a sale of TikTok by its Chinese owner ByteDance reached President Biden’s desk Wednesday, over 30 state governments had passed regulations targeting the short-video app. 6park.com
在设法挑战所谓的中国威胁时，一些州往往自称有权定义国家安全风险。 6park.comIn their efforts to challenge perceived China threats, states are often claiming authority to define national-security risks. 6park.com
“州长和州立法机构确实有责任关注我们公民的安全和保护措施，”弗吉尼亚州州长Glenn Youngkin说。他去年阻止福特汽车公司(Ford Motor)与中国宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司(Contemporary Amperex Technology)在弗吉尼亚州建立电池合资企业。他还签署了法案，限制中国人购买土地以及禁止在州政府设备上使用TikTok。 6park.com“There is a real responsibility on behalf of governors and state legislatures to look out for the safety and protection of our citizens,” said Virginia Gov. Glenn Youngkin, who last year blocked Ford Motor from setting up a battery venture in his state with China-based Contemporary Amperex Technology, or CATL. He has also signed bills to curb Chinese land purchases and use of TikTok on state devices. 6park.com
Youngkin说，他反对建造上述电动汽车电池厂，是因为他不想把弗吉尼亚州纳税人的钱用于支持中国技术。福特汽车目前正在密歇根州建设一个缩小版的项目，该项目在当地也遇到阻力。 6park.comYoungkin says he opposed the plant for electric-vehicle batteries because he didn’t want to allocate Virginia taxpayer money to support Chinese technology. Ford is now building a scaled-down version of the project in Michigan, where it has also faced localized resistance.
弗吉尼亚州州长Glenn Youngkin表示，各州在保护美国人避免面对中国方面发挥著作用。 When Iowa’s state Senate passed a bill this month to shield some of the world’s biggest chemical makers from certain pesticide lawsuits, its legislation specified that one type of company would be ineligible for the protection: Chinese. 6park.com
艾奥瓦州参议院本月通过了一项法案，旨在保护全球一些重量级化学品制造商免受某些农药诉讼的影响；该法案明确指出，有一类公司将不符合保护条件，那就是中国公司。 6park.com
州议会有时被称为美国开创性法律的民主实验室。1980年，内布拉斯加州成为美国国内首个立法规定从种族隔离制度下的南非撤资的州，比美国国会采取行动的时间早了六年。 6park.comState assemblies are sometimes known as America’s laboratories of democracy for pathbreaking laws. Nebraska in 1980 became the first state to legislate divestiture from apartheid South Africa—six years before Congress acted. 6park.com
根据信息服务机构BillTrack50.com的数据，自2023年初以来，美国一些州和哥伦比亚特区共计出台了624项与中国有关的立法，数量与国会的663项不相上下。 6park.comSince early 2023, states and the District of Columbia have introduced 624 pieces of legislation related to China, rivaling Congress’s 663, according to information service BillTrack50.com. 6park.com安全优先于投资 6park.com 6park.com反华行动在共和党控制的各州激起了最强烈的响应，中国在各种各样的问题上都遭到指责，从芬太尼致死和工厂倒闭，到去年的热气球飞越美国上空事件和新冠疫情等等，全都归咎于中国。州议员们表示，类似政策能否在联邦层面获得支持，可能将取决于共和党在今年11月大选中的胜出程度。 6park.comThe anti-China action has stirred most aggressively in Republican-controlled states, where Beijing faces blame for problems from fentanyl deaths and factory closures to last year’s balloon overflight and the Covid-19 pandemic. State legislators say that whether similar policies will gain traction at the federal level is likely to depend on the extent of Republican success in November’s elections. 6park.com
Youngkin说：“中国有一个非常明确的目标，那就是主宰世界，并以美国为代价。” 6park.com“China has a very clearly stated objective: and that is to dominate the world, and do that at the U.S.’s expense,” Youngkin said. 6park.com
市政府和州政府的议员们一再推动反华措施，而这些措施威胁到了他们所服务社区的就业和投资。 6park.comMunicipality and state lawmakers have repeatedly promoted anti-China measures that threaten jobs and investment in the communities they serve.
大福克斯市阻止了阜丰集团在当地建造玉米加工厂。
阜丰集团的反对者表示，该厂可能会被用来监视附近的大福克斯空军基地。 Grand Forks, N.D., last year stopped a Chinese food ingredient maker, Fufeng Group, from building a corn-processing plant that promised to create 1,000 jobs. State and local authorities had initially welcomed Fufeng’s expected $700 million investment, pitched as the city’s largest private investment ever, but support collapsed when claims were made—with little substantiation—that the facility could be a conduit to spy on nearby Grand Forks Air Force Base. 6park.com
去年，美国北达科他州的大福克斯市阻止了中国食品配料生产商阜丰集团(Fufeng Group)在当地建造玉米加工厂，该厂原本承诺将创造1,000个就业岗位。州和地方的政府部门起初本来对阜丰集团预计投资7亿美元表示欢迎，还称这是大福克斯市有史以来吸引到的最大规模私人投资项目。但当有人声称该厂可能会被用来监视附近的大福克斯空军基地时，原先支持建厂的声音就烟消云散了。 6park.com
大福克斯市市长Brandon Bochenski在市议会暂停该项目审批程序前不久发表的一份政策声明中指出，大福克斯市有责任采取行动，因为联邦政府在处理阜丰工厂可能对美国国家安全造成的影响方面“行动迟缓且自相矛盾”。市议会此前遭到了居民的强烈批评，他们对一家中国公司可能会被允许进入他们的社区感到愤怒，一位居民在公开听证会上称这座加工厂是“与中共政府有关的愚蠢事物”。 6park.comGrand Forks had a duty to act because the federal government was “slow and contradictory” in addressing the possible national-security implications of Fufeng’s plant, Mayor Brandon Bochenski argued in a policy statement shortly before the City Council suspended the project’s permitting process. The City Council faced heat from residents who were angry that a Chinese company might be welcomed into their community, with one resident at a public hearing calling the plant a “goofy thing with the Chinese communist government.” 6park.com
阜丰事件的影响此后蔓延至其它一些州，其中南达科他州州长Kristi Noem 2023年参照北达科他州的做法，签署了一项行政命令，禁止与美国认定的“外国对手”（即中国、俄罗斯、伊朗、古巴、委内瑞拉和朝鲜）政府有关联的公司在该州开展许多活动。 6park.comThe Fufeng effect has since dominoed through state capitals, including South Dakota’s, where Gov. Kristi Noem in 2023 cited North Dakota’s experience in signing an executive order that forbade many activities in her state by companies linked to governments the U.S. has designated as “foreign adversaries”—namely China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, Venezuela and North Korea. 6park.com
阜丰集团之后在印第安纳州确定了一个厂址，但被一项新的州法律绊住了脚步，该法律禁止中国和其他被认定为对手国家的公司参与农业用地交易。 6park.comFufeng later identified a site for its plant in Indiana, only to get tripped up by a new state law that forbids Chinese and other designated adversaries from entering deals for agricultural land. 6park.com
这项立法的支持者之一、印第安纳州参议员Jean Leising承认，拟议中的工厂受到玉米种植者的欢迎，她还被警告称，该法会影响阜丰集团和其他10家中国投资者，将使印第安纳州损失140亿美元收入。Leising认为作出一些牺牲是必要的。她说：“要安全还是要收入，有时不得不作出决断。” 6park.comOne of the bill’s proponents, Indiana State Sen. Jean Leising, acknowledged the proposed plant was popular among corn farmers and that she was warned that between Fufeng and 10 other Chinese investors, the legislation would cost Indiana $14 billion in lost income. She reasoned that sacrifices are necessary. “Safety or revenue, you sometimes have to make a decision,” she said. 6park.com
阜丰集团表示，该公司正积极推进为其工厂寻找其他厂址，该厂将生产优质的动物营养产品，并满足欢迎它的社区的需求。阜丰集团告诉印第安纳州的议员，该公司还在明尼苏达州和伊利诺伊州寻找厂址。 6park.comFufeng said that it is “well into the process of exploring alternative sites for our plant which will produce great animal nutrition products and meet the needs of the community that welcomes it.” The company told legislators in Indiana it is also looking at locations in Minnesota and Illinois. 6park.com
印第安纳州美国公民自由联盟(American Civil Liberties Union of Indiana)执行董事Christopher Daley称，多个州正在继续模糊州权力与联邦权力之间的界限。他批评印第安纳州的土地使用限制“过于宽泛”。 6park.com“States are continuing to blur the lines between state power and federal power,” said Christopher Daley, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Indiana, who criticizes his state’s land-use restrictions as “far too broad.” 6park.com
弗吉尼亚州州长Youngkin表示，土地使用等问题属于州层面的决策，从弗吉尼亚州的案例看，有时会影响到五角大楼等国家安全资产。 6park.comVirginia Gov. Youngkin said issues such as land use are state-level decisions, in Virginia’s case sometimes affecting national-security assets such as the Pentagon. 6park.com 6park.com拼凑而成的立法 6park.com 6park.com艾奥瓦州参议院本月通过了一项法案，目的是在产品标签符合联邦政府关于提示健康风险之要求的情况下，让消费者很难起诉农药生产商。参与制定该法案的人士表示，为了争取议员们对该法案的支持，法案特别加上了一项条款：本法案不适用于某家中国国有企业生产的一款产品。 6park.comWhen the Iowa state Senate this month passed a bill designed to make it difficult to sue pesticide makers if their product labels follow federal requirements to warn of health risks, people involved in the process said a clause was included specifically to build support for the legislation: “The bill does not apply to a product made by a Chinese state-owned enterprise,” the text said. 6park.com
这项限制性条款似乎是针对先正达(Syngenta)的一款产品。上周六，艾奥瓦州众议院还没来得及就该法案进行投票表决就休会了，令该法案夭折。先正达是一家总部位于瑞士的种子和杀虫剂生产商，2017年被中国国有企业巨头中国化工集团公司(China National Chemical)收购。 6park.comBefore legislation died on Saturday, when the Iowa House recessed before voting on it, that caveat seemed aimed at a product from Syngenta, a Switzerland-based maker of seeds and pesticides that since 2017 has been owned by China National Chemical, one of China’s largest government-controlled companies.
中国企业先正达已被勒令出售其在阿肯色州的农田，但允许留在印第安纳州。 Syngenta is also under fire in Arkansas, where authorities fined the company $280,000 and ordered it to sell 160 acres it has owned for 36 years for violating a new law barring land holdings by a “prohibited foreign-party-controlled business.” A spokeswoman for Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders said, “Gov. Sanders has promised Arkansans she’ll step up where the federal government has failed.” 6park.com
先正达在阿肯色州也受到了抨击，阿肯色州当局对该公司处以28万美元的罚款，并勒令其出售已拥有36年之久的160英亩农田，理由是先正达违反了一项新法，该法律规定“被禁止的外国政党控制的企业”不得持有该州农业用地。阿肯色州州长Sarah Huckabee Sanders的一名发言人说：“州长Sanders已向阿肯色州人民承诺，在联邦政府失职的地方，她将挺身而出。” 6park.com
先正达发言人Saswato Das表示，该公司在阿肯色州的员工都是为当地农户服务的美国人，相关土地决定“是一种短视行为，没有考虑这种无论是有意还是无意的行为对美国农业市场的影响”。 6park.comSyngenta spokesman Saswato Das said the company’s Arkansas employees are Americans serving local farmers, and the land decision “was a shortsighted action that fails to account for the effects of such an action, intended or not, on the U.S. agricultural market.” 6park.com
有些州在试图实现相似目标的过程中存在前后不一致的情况，比如，印地安纳州的土地使用法案阻止了阜丰集团在该州建厂，但该法案却未限制先正达，让先正达可以依照旧规行事；先正达在印地安纳州拥有约100名员工和115英亩的土地。 6park.comIn a sign of inconsistencies between states pursuing similar goals, the same Indiana land-use bill that stopped Fufeng from building a plant there grandfathered Syngenta, which has around 100 employees and 115 acres in the state. 6park.com
Leising和州众议员Kendell Culp说，印第安纳州的议员决定使这项立法具有前瞻性。Culp说，没有一家公司被特意针对。 6park.comLeising and a state representative, Kendell Culp, said Indiana lawmakers decided to make the legislation forward-looking. Culp said no company was singled out.
史密斯菲尔德食品公司十多年前被中国万洲国际收购。 The land issue is particularly knotty. The federal government says Chinese entities are the registered owners of under 1% of the foreign-held agricultural land in the U.S., with 87% of that owned by five companies, including one of America’s biggest meatpackers, Smithfield Foods, which was bought by China’s WH Group in 2013. 6park.com
土地问题尤其棘手。联邦政府称，在外资拥有的美国农业用地中，中国实体注册拥有的美国农业用地占比不到1%，其中的87%为五家公司所有，包括美国最大的肉类加工企业之一史密斯菲尔德食品公司(Smithfield Foods Inc.)，该公司于2013年被中国万洲国际(WH Group)收购。 6park.com
史密斯菲尔德的发言人Jim Monroe说，新的土地使用法规“要求我们对所有权结构作出更多解释”。他指出，史密斯菲尔德由美国人经营，万洲国际的最大股东里就包括美国机构投资者。 6park.comNew land-use restrictions have “required us to do a lot more explaining about our ownership structure,” said Smithfield spokesman Jim Monroe, who noted that Americans run Smithfield and American institutional investors are among WH Group’s biggest shareholders. 6park.com反华措施面临挑战 6park.com 6park.com佛罗里达州已立法实施了一些最具影响力的中美脱钩政策。在去年竞选总统期间，州长德桑蒂斯(Ron DeSantis)签署了一项法律，禁止涉及中国公民的土地购买，阻止他们参与州政府合同和大学合作。他的办公室将这一套政策称为“其他州可效仿的样板”。 6park.comFlorida has legislated some of the most far-reaching China decoupling. While campaigning for president last year, Gov. Ron DeSantis signed a law to stop land purchases, block state contracting and university partnerships involving Chinese nationals. His office termed the package “a blueprint for other states.” 6park.com
在批评者看来，这些反华措施可能是不必要的、构思拙劣的、无效的政治噱头，有时甚至是种族主义或违宪的。 6park.comTo detractors, the anti-China measures can be unnecessary, poorly conceived and ineffective political grandstanding, sometimes even racist or unconstitutional. 6park.com
一些努力面临法律挑战。 6park.comSeveral efforts have faced legal challenges. 6park.com
在蒙大拿州对TikTok施加全面禁令后，一名法官以宪法第一修正案为由阻止了这一措施。预计TikTok在挑战联邦立法时将考虑引用第一修正案。得克萨斯州的亚裔美国人去年因阻止了一项禁止中国人拥有土地的州立法努力而受到赞扬。 6park.comAfter Montana imposed an outright ban on TikTok in the state, a judge blocked the measure, citing the First Amendment—an avenue the company is expected to explore in challenging the federal legislation. Asian-Americans in Texas took credit last year for killing a state legislative effort to ban Chinese land ownership. 6park.com
而在佛罗里达州，三位来自大型公立大学的中国公民在对该州教育部等州政府机构的诉讼中辩称，对他们参与学术研究设置的新障碍是基于种族因素作出的判断，违反了宪法。 6park.comAnd in Florida, three Chinese nationals from large public universities argued in a suit against state agencies such as the state Education Department that new hurdles to their participation in academic research are unconstitutionally race-based. 6park.com
上个月的诉讼称：“佛罗里达州已经屈服于把‘不受欢迎’的外国人作为打击目标的诱惑，这次是在州一级，其中最突出的还是来自中国的个人。”佛罗里达州教育部不予置评。 6park.com“Florida has succumbed to the temptation to target ‘disfavored’ foreigners—this time at the state level—including most prominently, once again, individuals from China,” last month’s suit said. Florida’s Education Department declined to comment.
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